Critical Analysis of the Article The State of the...

Summary Reading assignment 2a entitled The State of the Eco-Union is about sustainable agriculture. The article covers the sustainability of caring for not just the physical health of farm animals, but also their mental health, questioning whether we should be doing something ecologically just because we can, and the entrepreneurial aspect of small, eco-friendly farming. Critical Analysis One of the author’s large arguments is that organic food products have now become mainstream enough that everyone knows what an organic product means, which has inevitably made organic less than organic set out to be. With the government’s organic certification process, they have corrupted the organic movement. I both agree and disagree with the author’s†¦show more content†¦The author also speaks about paranoia when it comes to foodborne illnesses and the relation that plays organic food production. He argues that the U.S. is overzealous in eradicating any potential illness outbreaks from food. While he drifts a bit into stories about a friend in France, he does bring up a few good points in terms of food-safety and the false notion that organic, raw, or naturally eaten foods (like unwashed eggs) are not as safe as irradiated foods. I agree with this argument, pointing to European countries who don’t homogenize dairy products and have low inciden ces of foodborne illnesses related to the consumption of raw dairy products. Additionally, if we were as concerned about food safety as we appear to be, we would ban the same types of harmful food additives as most industrialized nations, such as farmed salmon, genetically engineered papaya, arsenic, flame retardant drinks and synthetic hormones. Conclusion In short, I agree with most of the arguments the author has in terms of the overall health of our organic farming. We need small, artisanal, organic farmers to help keep the organic movement moving in a positive direction. However, I would disagree that government involvement is entirely bad. Instead, I would state that the government has given us a minimalShow MoreRelatedMulti Criteria Analysis As A Tool For Sustainability Assessment Of A Waste Management Model1525 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The article, â€Å"Multi-criteria analysis as a tool for sustainability assessment of a waste management model† relates to the importance of how the waste management system can be improved in an environmentally friendly and efficient manner. It is nevertheless important to understand the depth of this waste management process in order to conceptualize the possible sustainability jeopardies. To meet the difficulties of maintainability, natural administration guidelines, for example, ISO 14001Read MoreLets Rock the Informed Vote: Barack Hussein Obama1091 Words   |  5 PagesThe incumbent 44th President of the United States is my preferential candidate of choice for the upcoming November, 2012 Presidential election. 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The Choices Faced By Steve Lewis - 1668 Words

I. Evaluate the choices faced by Steve Lewis, Peter Adario, and Eduord Sakiz (in Badaracco’s article) from the standpoints of the generalizability, utilitarian, and virtue ethics tests. The way Steve Lewis’ approach the situation he was force in from the standpoints of generalization was ethical. His decision not compromise his ethics speaks volume to beliefs. Hooker (2011) said that we act for reason, which he did have uncompromising reasons for his actions. He didn’t want just being a member of the team, but someone who contributes to the team. I find reasons for his action to be rational. Steve did not want lose his self-respect and want to earn his advancement instead of hand it to him. Even though he was unable to do his part of the presentation, however he gain the respect of his peers and self-respect for himself (Badaracco Jr, 1998; p. 7). I believe he pass the generalization test because of reasons for his action. He wants to maintain his self-respect and advancement must be earned. I think anyone who in his situation would try to find a way to contributes and be useful to a team. It find it difficult to find someone who in his si tuation to take the approach of a fly on the wall. From the utilitarian standpoint, Steve action provided a complete utility. His decision to maintain his self-respect by being a contributing member of the team not only gains respect from his peers but for his himself and any possible future advancement, thus result inShow MoreRelatedMoral Dilemm Right Vs Right Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pagesattorney’s emotional conflict with his professional obligations. â€Å"A right versus right situation occurs when one is faced with an urgent and intricate situation that makes you make choices about your integrity and moral character† (Badaracco Jr., 2009). The essential features of a moral dilemma are that people are required to do one of two or more actions. 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Psychotherapy Theories in Counseling

Question: Discuss about the Psychotherapy Theories in Counseling. Answer: Psychotherapy Theories in Counseling Psychotherapy theories provide a framework for the counselors and therapists for interpreting the feelings, thoughts and behavior of a client. It serves as a navigator for the journey of the clients from the diagnosis to the post-treatment phase. One of the integral parts of the therapeutic process is formed by the theoretical approaches and selection of the right counseling approach is crucial for the therapy. According to Sigmund Freud, it is the unconscious forces that are responsible for driving the behavior of an individual (Sharf, 2015). Therefore, this essay will discuss the counseling of Mei Ling and explore the different dimensions of her psychological condition using two approaches from the theoretical model groups that include psychoanalytic therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. Theoretical Model Group A Psychoanalytic Therapy Psychoanalytic therapy is the process of counseling based on the theories proposed by Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis and forefather of psychology. The influential effect of the unconscious mind over the behaviors and thoughts of an individual is explored and offers resolution and insight to the client seeking therapy. Experiences from early childhood are looked by this therapy to investigate whether these events have affected the life of the individual and contributed to the present situation (Peterfreund, 2016). Psychoanalytic therapy is aimed to make changes that are deep seated in the emotional and personality development and it is a long term choice depending upon the condition of the client. Conceptualizing the Client Mei Ling is married for 14 years to Steven and is a nurse in a surgical ward. Since she has discovered that her husband is having an affair and will leave her. Although she has no evidence to her claim, however, this is based entirely upon her assumptions as fear. Going back to her childhood history, it can be seen that she had undergone a similar situation in her childhood when her father deserted her mother and she along with her children were left all alone. Her mother became depressed and Mei took the responsibility to help her mother and take care of her siblings, being the eldest child. Now, that she is married and having her own family, she is suffering from the same depression that her mother suffered but without any valid evidence. It is a memory of her childhood that has brought back the evil thoughts from her unconscious mind to the consciousness that is causing her to face the fear. It is what a repressed memory is and repression is the one on which the foundation of psyc hoanalysis is based (Morris, Fitzpatrick Renaud, 2016). Something happens that generates fear and the mind holds on to the memories and reaches underground to some inaccessible corner in the level of unconsciousness. The memories which were sleeping in that level for years suddenly emerged on to the surface. This emergence poses a problem to the individual and brings about behavior that is not relevant to the normal character (Meystre et al., 2015). Since Mei has lived a horrible childhood without her mother, she feels the same can repeat with her when Steven will leave her for another woman. This memory of failed marriage of her mother brings about unnecessary fear in her mind and eventually caused her depression. Therefore, I will conceptualize Mei based on the psychoanalytic therapy of counseling to reach the deeper roots of her unconscious mind where lies the real reason for her depression. Development of Counseling Relationship As previously mentioned, psychoanalytic therapy is guided by the principal of harboring the deep rooted memories and feelings in the unconscious mind that affect the behavior of the client. Based on this principle, I, being the psychoanalytic therapist, will develop a counseling relationship with Mei in the ways that are context specific and cater the therapy style and technique to the client. I will foster an equal relationship with Mei by adopting unconditional acceptance attitude that will develop with her a trusting relationship. In response to this, she will be encouraged to open up and explore the hidden conflicts and unresolved issues in her unconsciousness that is affecting her behavior and mood. For understanding the unconscious disturbances, I will adopt few procedures to explore the mind of Mei. When Mei attended her counseling, she presented her condition as down and depressed with occasional outbreaks of tears, without citing any proper reason. This cleared the fact that there is something hidden in her unconscious mind that is disturbing her without any evidence of her husband cheating over her. My free association with Mei can be a procedure that will enable her to speak up whatever comes first in her mind regarding her childhood memories of the divorce of her parents. This spontaneous flow of feelings and thoughts to emerge without any restriction will result in the development of a counseling relationship based on trust (Capuzzi Stauffer, 2016). Therapeutic transference will be another procedure that will help to redirect the feelings of Mei from a significant person towards the therapist or towards me. This transference can be manifested in the forms of dependence and trust and through the exploration and recognition of this transferred relationship, I will understand her feelings and resolve the conflicts arising out of her childhood (McLeod, 2013). Interpretation of the awareness by the therapist of the mental state of the client increases their capacity to integrate the material that the client is not aware of (Sharf, 2015). Thus, Mei will develop a relationship of trust with me as a counselor for effective treatment of her depression. Approaches and Techniques As a psychoanalyst, I will be using various approaches and techniques as part of my counseling with Mei to get the best results using the psychoanalytic therapy. Rorschach Inkblot Technique is a type of projective test that will help Mei to project the information from the perceptions of her unconscious mind for interpretation of the ink blot. This will be used to analyze the emotional functioning and personality characteristics of Mei (Stolorow, Brandchaft Atwood, 2014). Freudian slip is another technique that I can use is based on the fact that unconscious feelings and thoughts are transferred to the level of consciousness through parapraxes or a slip of the tongue. It provides a sudden insight of the unconscious mind and makes every behavior look significant (de Jonghe et al., 2013). I will be watching out for any slip of tongue by Mei that can reveal any of her past instances related to her present depression. Another useful approach that can be used for Mei is the analysis of t ransference as it will help to transfer the feelings of the client to the therapist (Lane, 2014). This approach is valuable as it will provide Mei to re-experience the underlying feelings that require being resolved. These techniques and approaches will help me to analyze the past of Mei for understanding her present and frame a strategy for her treatment. I will be asking her few questions to get an overview of her situation and investigate apart from her past experiences, is there any other mental stress that is the reason for her depression. My first question will be What brings you here? Freudian slip model will be used here to analyze her speech and locate any slip of tongue for identifying various possibilities. My next question will be From your viewpoint, what is the problem?' Rorschach Inkblot Technique model will be useful for analyzing her emotional functioning and personality characteristics. What do you feel of your childhood? will be my next question for analyzing the underlying feelings of Mei by transference or feeling her situation. Adoption of the Psychoanalytic Therapy Model Adoption of the model of psychoanalytic therapy by me as a counselor will help me immensely and I will feel authentic and comfortable. Since Mei is suffering from depression that can be traced from her childhood incidents, it can be well said that the psychoanalytic therapy will be the appropriate model to get over her past by analyzing it and relieve her of the depression. Psychoanalytic therapy has been recognized as a global therapy due to its wide range of clinical applications in helping the clients to change their life perspectives (Huber et al., 2013). The current maladaptive perspective of Mei of her suspecting her husband is tied to her personality factors that are deep-seated and developed in her childhood. Therefore, it will be helpful for me as a counselor to retrieve those underlying memories and bring about a change in her perspective on life to help her live a better life. I will relate her depression with the loss that Mei experienced as a child due to the divorce of her parents. Since she could not come to terms with the loss, she fell prone to depression in her later life. The model will help me to encourage her to recall her childhood experiences for untangling the fixations that have grown around it (Lionells et al., 2014). Since Mei is under the state of depression, I have to be careful while using the technique of analysis of transference as she will have the tendency to get overwhelmingly dependent on me. The model aims at making her lesser dependent and develops functional ways of accepting and understanding the loss of her life, without spoiling her present with unnecessary fear (Zimmermann et al., 2015). Bringing the best in the treatment out of my model will be my aim for counseling Mei and since this model appropriately fits into the requirements, therefore this will make me feel more comfortable and authentic in dealing with her problem. Appropriateness of the Model I feel psychoanalytic therapy will be one of the most appropriate models for counseling Mei as it is highly relevant to her depressive disorder. The model is designed effectively to help the clients explore their entire range of emotions that includes the underlying feelings that are not aware of. The model helps to relate the unconscious elements of the past life of the clients with their present experiences and make them understand how their mood and behavior gets affected by the unconscious feelings and unresolved issues from the past. This model will help me to make few assumptions regarding the case of Mei and that begins with the fact that psychological problems are often deep-seated in the unconscious mind. Symptomatic manifestations are the results of the latent disturbances and the prime causes include repressed or development trauma and finally the treatment will focus on bringing to consciousness the repressed conflict to enable Mei to deal with the problem and get rid of her depression (Kohut, 2013). To get the best out of my counseling, I would ask Mei to relax on a couch and ask her the questions regarding her childhood memories. This will give a probable picture of why does she suspect her husband and fear about the consequences that would happen if he leaves her. If required, the technique of dream analysis can also be implemented as it is the most followed path to unconsciousness to bring back any other significant memory that relates with her childhood and has any effect on her present depression (Busch, Rudden Shapiro, 2016). However, this therapy is time-consuming and do not provide quick answers with a handsome investment of money and time. Retrieving the repressed memories that are unpleasant and painful might increase the distress. Considering the benefits and drawbacks of the model, it can be said that this could be one of the best models for presenting the problem. Multicultural Considerations Multiculturalism is known to play the fourth force in the field of psychology as it enhances the ability of the selfrecognition of the counselors to understand the clients and encourages their inclusion. Observation of the multicultural considerations will ultimately help in understanding the benefits and hindrances of the treatment by the counselor (Draguns, 2013). The multicultural considerations for Mei include age, ethnicity, job and marriage. Since Mei is 33 years old, therefore, she has long passed her childhood and stress has to be given to retrieve her repressed memories. Since she belongs to the Chinese ethnicity, therefore her traditional and ethical values have to be respected while asking her the interview questions (Moodley Palmer, 2014). She works in a surgical ward as a nurse and so she might be well accustomed to the process of interviewing and caring. It is expected that she will be co-operative during the interview process without complaining about its tediousness. Since she is happily married for 14 years to Steven with 2 sons, therefore passing on positive vibes of a happily married life can boost up her confidence and help her forget her childhood trauma of the divorce of her parents. Application of the psychoanalytic model with the multicultural considerations will provide maximum benefits to Mei and her treatment. Theoretical Model Group B Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy is used in the evidenced based practice as a psychosocial intervention for the treatment of mental disorders like depression. It is focused on the development of the personal coping strategies and aims at solving the unhelpful patterns and current problems in regulation, emotional, behaviors and cognitions. Cognitive behavioral therapy has been widely recognized as an effective treatment for depression based on the fact that the mood of a person is related directly to the thought patterns (Hofmann et al., 2012). The prime objective of cognitive behavioral therapy is to help the client recognize the negative thought patterns and evaluation of their validity. This will help them to replace the negative thoughts with much healthier thought processes. Conceptualizing the Client Mei Ling is a 33 year old nurse who works as a nurse in a surgical ward. She is married to Steven for 14 years and has 2 sons. They had a happily married life until recently, she is anticipating that Steven is having an affair and will leave her. This negative thought has exerted a profound impact on her thought process and altered her behavior greatly. She often burst out into tears without any reason and has secluded herself from the social activities. She has started to doubt her cognition as she feels she has to pretend to be happy in social gatherings when she is actually sad and this is giving her a feeling of agitation and on the edge. Her behavior has also changed towards her kids as she has got short tempered with her sons and do not spend much time with them. These clearly describes that the very thought of her husband having an affair followed by his departure has given birth to all these negative thoughts and irrational behavior. Although she has a family history of divor ce which followed the same trait, it has also contributed to the development of the negative thoughts (Kendall Hollon, 2013). The cognitive behavioral therapy divides the approach into behavioral and cognitive components. The cognitive component helps to identify the client and the therapist to identify the negative thoughts that are generating the negative emotions. The behavioral component facilitates the therapist to help the client assess the impact of the daily activities on the mood of the client to improve the symptoms of depression (Kendall Hollon, 2013). Both the components will be applied by me to conceptualize Mei with her present problem with the cognitive behavioral therapy model. Each of these components will analyze the thought and mood of Mei to generate positive thought replacing the negative thoughts and assist her to relieve the symptoms of depression. Development of Counseling Relationship Developing a counseling relationship by the therapist with the client is essential as a primary and secondary element of therapy. The primary element considers itself and the secondary element considers supportive effects. The model of cognitive behavioral therapy is based on the collaboration between the client and the therapist and both of them work for the determination of the goals and terms of success (Cummings et al., 2013). For developing a counseling relationship with Mei, I will have to be honest and open to her for sending explicit and clear messages to her with honest feedbacks. I will have to work with the schemas where I will be putting together the collections of rules, experiences and beliefs of Mei regarding herself and the world around her. Since Mei has developed the concept that she is on the edge and agitated and about to lose her husband, this has created a negative vibe and I will have to create a place of trust where she can depend on me as a support of trust a nd help. I will have to be sensitive about her relationships and bring about the changes gradually or she will find herself incompatible with the core ideas of the therapy. Therefore, as the therapy will progress, the changes in the schema will bring about the changes in her thought process (Farmer Chapman, 2016). The primary elements of the therapy includes guided discovery of the schema beliefs, recording of the dysfunctional thoughts and relaxation trainings. Relationship forms the secondary element of therapy and therefore, analyzing her interpersonal schemas, emotional processing, previous attachments and other various other processes will help to develop a counseling relationship with her (Sharry et al., 2013). Accurate empathy, warmth, rapport, trust and genuineness are the important factors for building up a relationship with the client by the therapist. A good counseling relationship is essential in cognitive behavioral therapy because if the client finds the therapist hel pful, they start feeling better and their problems begin to reduce. Approaches and Techniques Cognitive behavioral therapy employs several approaches and techniques as part of the counseling. For Mei, I can apply the ABC techniques of the irrational beliefs as proposed by Albert Ellis that includes activating event, belief and consequences in three different columns (Hayes et al., 2013). The first column of activating event is also known as the objective situation and it records the event that is responsible for the negative dysfunctional thinking or high emotional response of Mei. In the second column of belief, she will be asked to write down the negative thoughts that have occurred to her. The third column of consequence consists of the dysfunctional behaviors and negative feelings that ensued. The second column acts as a bridge between the distressed feelings and the situation and the third column describes the negative thoughts and describing emotions that Mei thinks have been caused by the first column of activating events (Cuijpers et al., 2013). According to Albert El lis, activating event is not responsible for causing behavioral consequences due to negative emotions but the client makes unrealistic interpretations and develops an irrational belief that results in the consequences The resulting consequence might be healthy or unhealthy depending on the belief whether it is rational or irrational (Fava et al., 2014). This technique will help to find out the belief of Mei and give appropriate justification of her emotions. A series of questions can be asked to Mei that is based on the technique of this model. This will begin with the question Why did you pick up this thought? This will give a picture of the objective situation or activating event that is going on in her mind. The next question will be Is that actually true? This question will provide with the justification of her thoughts whether the belief that she possess is rational or irrational. The next question is What if we looked at this situation differently? This will provide Mei with a possible solution to her cognitive distortion and look at the consequences from a different viewpoint. Adoption of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Model As a counselor, adoption of the cognitive behavioral therapy will make me authentic and comfortable as the basic principle of the model connects cognition with the emotional responses of the client. Cognition in the form of preconceived judgments and thoughts determines and precedes the emotional responses of the individual (Karlin et al., 2012). This theory of the model is applicable for the scenario of Mei as her disturbed childhood has a role to play in her present situation that is fetching negative thoughts about the future. This model helps the client to focus on the current problems and helps to solve them. It requires an active commitment from both the therapist and the client. The therapist helps the client to learn about the identification of the unhelpful or distorted thinking patterns, change and recognize the inaccurate beliefs, relate to others in a positive manner and change the behavior accordingly (Feng et al., 2012). Adoption of this model will help me to guide Mei with her down and depressed mood that she is having since last 4 months. The depression has reached such heights that she is bursting into tears without any knowledge. This model will help me let her find out the reason for this disturbance. Is it a fear of the future or just a negative thought that she is nurturing. She is having the belief that her husband is having an affair and might leave her putting an end to their happily married life. Although she has no evidence to this thought but she is scared of the future. Application of the cognitive behavioral therapy will help her to recognize and change these inaccurate beliefs and make her stronger to face the future whatever it beholds. She has withdrawn herself from the social activities and also do not spend much time with her kids, apart from being short tempered. Again, this model will help her to relate with others in a positive manner and change the behavior accordingly to live a happier and healthier life. Therefore, it can be well said that my adoption of the model of cognitive behavior therapy will be absolutely authentic and make me comfortable in the counseling of Mei. Appropriateness of the Model Considering the treatment point of view, this model is said to be one of the most appropriate model of counseling for Mei due to its several application advantages. Cognitive behavioral therapies facilitate the clients to do self-counseling and therefore, they are instructive enough to provide the skills rationally to the clients (Thoma et al., 2012). Treatment with this model is of shorter duration and therefore, has better compliance among the clients. This model is focused on getting better rather than feeling better and yield long-term results. This model is considered to be cross-cultural and follows the universal laws of cognition and behavior. The sessions of this model are very much structured and therefore, the therapist does not lose focus while carrying out the counseling (van Ballegooijen et al., 2014). This provides positive results in a shorter period of time. Since it is adaptive and can be researched, therapists follow this model for setting defined goals and techniqu es for the counseling session. Apart from the benefits, several drawbacks have been recognized for the model of cognitive behavioral therapy. Faulty cognitions are a part of the model and its precise role is not determined. The scope of the cognitive model is narrow as it explores a single portion of human functioning (Kendall, 2013). Considering both the advantages and drawbacks, it can be said that this model would be one of the best and appropriate model for the solving the problem of Mei. Multicultural Considerations It is a common observation that people belonging from various cultures have different thought processes and reasoning skills. As cognitive behavioral therapy is concerned with the thought and thought processes of the client, therefore multicultural considerations have to be taken into account. Cultural norms like behavior in different situations tends to have an impact on the therapy and different cultural backgrounds of the therapist and the client results in complications regarding understanding of the thought process of the client and arriving at a solution (Chowdhary et al., 2014). Multicultural considerations like age, ethnicity, job and marital status of Mei have a role to play in employing this model. Since she is a middle aged woman, she is ought to think rationally and the deviations of her thoughts from normal reveals the intensity of the depression. She is of Chinese ethnicity and since their tradition gives importance to family values and bonding, therefore she is prone t o develop negative thoughts regarding leaving of her husband as she has a childhood experience of her family falling apart (Rathod et al., 2013). Since works as a nurse, she is expected to have a strong mentality of supporting people. Since she needs a mental support now, there has to be something wrong with her mental balance. She has an experience of a failed marriage in her past and therefore, she is skeptical about her own marriage that his giving rise to negative thoughts in her mind. Considering these factors, it can be said that multicultural considerations have to be made while employing this model in order to get the direction in the treatment of the depression of Mei. From the analysis of both the models of psychoanalytic therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy, it can be concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy would be the most appropriate and best fit model for Mei Ling. This is because it is a quicker process with lesser investment of money and provides long-lasting results over the other model. Since she is going through the depression for last 4 months, it will be beneficial to provide her relief rather than extending the episode. In addition, it is very much structured and do not pull out the history of the client from the unconscious mind which can be more disturbing rather than being beneficial. All these factors collectively state that for Mei, cognitive behavioral therapy would be the best model for the counseling and treatment of depression. References Busch, F. N., Rudden, M., Shapiro, T. (2016).Psychodynamic treatment of depression. American Psychiatric Pub. Capuzzi, D., Stauffer, M. D. (2016).ACA Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions. John Wiley Sons. Chowdhary, N., Jotheeswaran, A. T., Nadkarni, A., Hollon, S. D., King, M., Jordans, M. J. D., ... Patel, V. (2014). The methods and outcomes of cultural adaptations of psychological treatments for depressive disorders: a systematic review.Psychological medicine,44(06), 1131-1146. Cuijpers, P., Berking, M., Andersson, G., Quigley, L., Kleiboer, A., Dobson, K. S. (2013). A meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioural therapy for adult depression, alone and in comparison with other treatments.The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,58(7), 376-385. Cummings, C. M., Caporino, N. E., Settipani, C. A., Read, K. L., Compton, S. N., March, J., ... Ginsburg, G. (2013). The therapeutic relationship in cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy for anxious youth.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology,81(5), 859. de Jonghe, F., de Maat, S., Van, R., Hendriksen, M., Kool, S., van Aalst, G., Dekker, J. (2013). Short-term psychoanalytic supportive psychotherapy for depressed patients.Psychoanalytic Inquiry,33(6), 614-625. Draguns, J. G. (2013). Cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy: History, issues, current status.Cross-Cultural Counseling and Psychotherapy: Pergamon General Psychology Series,93, 1. Farmer, R. F., Chapman, A. L. (2016).Behavioral interventions in cognitive behavior therapy. American Psychological Association,. Fava, G. A., Ruini, C., Rafanelli, C., Finos, L., Conti, S., Grandi, S. (2014). Six-year outcome of cognitive behavior therapy for prevention of recurrent depression.American Journal of Psychiatry. Feng, C. Y., Chu, H., Chen, C. H., Chang, Y. S., Chen, T. H., Chou, Y. H., ... Chou, K. R. (2012). The effect of cognitive behavioral group therapy for depression: A metaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ analysis 20002010.Worldviews on Evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Based Nursing,9(1), 2-17. Hayes, S. C., Levin, M. E., Plumb-Vilardaga, J., Villatte, J. L., Pistorello, J. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy and contextual behavioral science: Examining the progress of a distinctive model of behavioral and cognitive therapy.Behavior therapy,44(2), 180-198. Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses.Cognitive therapy and research,36(5), 427-440. Huber, D., Henrich, G., Clarkin, J., Klug, G. (2013). Psychoanalytic versus psychodynamic therapy for depression: a three-year follow-up study.Psychiatry: Interpersonal Biological Processes,76(2), 132-149. Karlin, B. E., Brown, G. K., Trockel, M., Cunning, D., Zeiss, A. M., Taylor, C. B. (2012). National dissemination of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in the Department of Veterans Affairs health care system: therapist and patient-level outcomes.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology,80(5), 707. Kendall, P. C. (Ed.). (2013).Advances in CognitiveBehavioral Research and Therapy(Vol. 4). Academic Press. Kendall, P. C., Hollon, S. D. (Eds.). (2013).Assessment Strategies for CognitiveBehavioral Interventions. Academic Press. Kendall, P. C., Hollon, S. D. (Eds.). (2013).Cognitive-behavioral interventions: Theory, research, and procedures(Vol. 21). Academic Press. Kohut, H. (2013).The analysis of the self: A systematic approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorders. University of Chicago Press. Lane, R. C. (2014).Psychoanalytic approaches to supervision(No. 2). Routledge. Lionells, M., Fiscalini, J., Mann, C., Stern, D. B. (2014).Handbook of interpersonal psychoanalysis. Routledge. McLeod, J. (2013).An introduction to counselling. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Meystre, C., Pascual-Leone, A., De Roten, Y., Despland, J. N., Kramer, U. (2015). What interventions facilitate client progress through the assimilation model? A task analysis of interventions in the psychodynamic treatment of depression.Psychotherapy Research,25(4), 484-502. Moodley, R., Palmer, S. (2014).Race, culture and psychotherapy: Critical perspectives in multicultural practice. Routledge. Morris, E., Fitzpatrick, M. R., Renaud, J. (2016). A pan-theoretical conceptualization of client involvement in psychotherapy.Psychotherapy Research,26(1), 70-84. Peterfreund, E. (2016). The process of psychoanalytic therapy: Models and strategies. Rathod, S., Phiri, P., Harris, S., Underwood, C., Thagadur, M., Padmanabi, U., Kingdon, D. (2013). Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis can be adapted for minority ethnic groups: a randomised controlled trial.Schizophrenia research,143(2), 319-326. Sharf, R. S. (2015).Theories of psychotherapy counseling: Concepts and cases. Cengage Learning. Sharry, J., Davidson, R., McLoughlin, O., Doherty, G. (2013). A service-based evaluation of a therapist-supported online cognitive behavioral therapy program for depression.Journal of medical Internet research,15(6), e121. Stolorow, R. D., Brandchaft, B., Atwood, G. E. (2014).Psychoanalytic treatment: An intersubjective approach. Routledge. Thoma, N. C., McKay, D., Gerber, A. J., Milrod, B. L., Edwards, A. R., Kocsis, J. H. (2012). A quality-based review of randomized controlled trials of cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression: an assessment and metaregression.American Journal of Psychiatry,169(1), 22-30. van Ballegooijen, W., Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., Karyotaki, E., Andersson, G., Smit, J. H., Riper, H. (2014). Adherence to Internet-based and face-to-face cognitive behavioural therapy for depression: a meta-analysis.PLoS One,9(7), e100674. Zimmermann, J., Lfflerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Stastka, H., Huber, D., Klug, G., Alhabbo, S., Bock, A., Benecke, C. (2015). Is it all about the higher dose? Why psychoanalytic therapy is an effective treatment for major depression.Clinical psychology psychotherapy,22(6), 469-487.

The selection process of candidate

Introduction It has also been an opportunity for me to learn various issues surrounding the selection exercise. The selection process involves such issues as job application, short listings and interviews in order to settle down on the right candidate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The selection process of candidate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are various factors that are considered before settling down on the right candidate as we will see in the reflective essay below. The basic areas of concern during the selection exercise are the selection decisions, validity and reliability of short listing and interview practices as a component of the selection process. The selection exercise is mainly not a single individual’s task but it is rather an exercise carried out by a panel of professionals mainly the human resources managerial team. Decision making is therefore based upon some laid down polic ies which are agreed upon by the code of ethics or by the selection panel since depending on individuals’ responses may at times bring about contradictions. The selection panel must therefore carry out adequate prior preparation concerning the exercise whereby it is more appropriate to involve professionals in this field. This is because there are many trained professionals in this field and the selection criteria for various candidates are based upon closely related factors. However, different interviewers have different interviewing approaches thus though there might be structured approach of the selection process, the interviewee ought to be adequately prepared and flexible in order to convince each member of the panel that he is the best candidate (Hackney and Kleiner, 1994, p. 8). The selection exercise All human resource professionals appreciate the fact that attracting and retaining the best manpower for a specific job depends largely on the effectiveness of the recrui tment, short listing, selection and interview criteria. These are the exercises that largely constitute the selection process. There are a number of factors that affect the effectiveness of these stages and hence the decisions regarding the â€Å"best applicant.† The success in every of the stages depends on both the job seeker and the employer through the human resource section (Buckley, Norris, and Wiese, 2000, p. 116).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The first step in filling any vacant post is recruitment. It involves advertisement of the vacant post either internally, i.e. within the company or publicly, through the mass media. This step allows the qualified and the interested individuals to make application towards the advertised post. Individuals make their application depending on the interest in the job and their belief that they have the required skills, abi lities, and other talents required to do the job well (Catano, 2009, p. 235). However, due to the high rates of unemployment in many nations and other reasons, it is very likely to find individuals who may not be meeting the specified requirements applying for the vacant position. Furthermore, applicants are mainly beyond the required number in most cases thus calling for the short listing exercise. The selection panel puts various factors into consideration, as we will see, in order to shortlist only the individuals who are likely to add value to the company in question. Once the candidates have been shortlisted, personal interviews are carried out to further identify the most suitable candidate since the short listing process may only consider academic and the experience qualifications while the one on one interview enables the selection panel to in identify an individual’s potential. While I have been participating in this exercise, there are various things that I have lea rnt from observation and interactions with the rest of the members of the panel that I was not able to learn while I was doing my research paper. This has enabled me to enrich my knowledge especially on the fact that academic and other kind of testimonials are not enough proof to settle down on the right candidate thus personal interview is always important in order to combine academics and experience with the right character.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The selection process of candidate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Factors influencing the selection process Considering the participation I had on the selection process coupled with the knowledge and the experiences I have had with my own research and lectures, I have realized that there are several factors that determine the kind of a candidate that fits a certain job. One of the factors is the kind of questions that will be asked during the interview (Cl ass notes, 2011, p. 1). Before an applicant qualifies to sit down with the interviewing panel, it means that the individual application is worth short listing thus he processes the relevant skills and qualifications for the post in question. The kind of questions that he will be asked and the kind of answers he is likely to give will determine his potential for the post in question. In the job market today, there are professionals who are wholly meant for the selection process and the questions asked in the panel are mainly tailor made to fit the needs of the given company (Barclay, 1999, p. 138). There are three main types of questions â€Å"structured interview, unstructured, and behavioral interviewing style† (Hartley and Bruckmann, 2002, p. 21) which can be categorized into the main subjects of interest such as: Intrinsic and motivational factors, skills and abilities, knowledge of the organization, career goals and objectives, experiences in the desired area, extracurric ular activities and college experiences, academic programs and achievements, hypothetical questions, accomplishments and achievements, geographic preferences, and salary and benefits. (Hartley and Bruckmann, 2002, p. 21) This enables the panel to get the right picture of the interviewee thus settling down on the best candidate. Gender is another major factor that influences decision making in a selection procedure (Radford, 1998, p. 108). In many cases, men have always been considered superior to women and this has also been reflected in job allocation thus affecting the selection process. You will realize that the ratio of men to women in most shortlists varies a lot in many nations with the ratio of men being higher than that of women. Though there is a perception that some jobs are best suited for men while others are best suited for women, jobs that can be done by both genders well still are highly influenced by men superiority complex.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the causes of gender bias in many nations include â€Å"parental expectation of children, education, advertisement if vacancies, self perception, nature of the assessment methods, attitudes and the perceptions of the assessors among others† (Radford, 1998, p. 108). This is passed on to the employer â€Å"gender discrimination† (Radford, 1998, p. 108) as well as the job seeker â€Å"e.g. in education and self selection† (Radford, 1998, p. 108) thus altering the whole selection process. Gender differences and discrimination may not necessarily be structured within the selection process but may be an overall reflection of the selection process. First, the pool of applicants is usually determined by the individual’s decision to apply for the vacant position. Due to the various forces surrounding the two genders, there may be gender differences in this pool of applicants. The successful candidate is usually a product of the selection process. Both the decision to apply and the selection process usually results to a successive reduction in the pool of applicants. The job definition has a lot of influence on the final selection of candidates which may be further influenced by the number of applicants from each gender (Radford, 1998, p. 108). The physical factors surrounding a job are another major factor that determines the recruitment and the selection process. Individuals decide to apply for a certain vacant position depending on the desirability of working in a particular organizational environment (Catano, 2009, p. 235). Some of the physical factors that applicants may consider include the location of the company, size of the enterprise and the kind of industry the job is categorized under. This is influenced by the age of the applicants, accessibility, and whether the job provides autonomy, and opportunities for self development. Conclusion The selection process is one of the areas that determine the quality of the workforce i n any organization. In the world we are living today, people have gone an extra mile to achieve academic excellence thus it is important for the selection panel to be a little bit keen on other qualities of a candidate. Such attributes are mainly achieved through behavioral interviewing style in order to settle down on the best candidate from the pool of academically qualified applicants. References Barclay, J. (1999) Employee selection: a question of structure. Personnel Review, 28 (12), pp. 134-151 Buckley, M. R., Norris, A. C. and Wiese, D. S. (2000) A brief history of the selection Interview: may the next 100 years be more fruitful. Journal of Management History, 6 (3), pp. 113-126. Catano, V. M. (2009) Recruitment and Selection in Canada. Ontario, Cengage Learning. Class Notes. (2011) Research Essay on selection exercise. (MS word) Hackney, M. and Kleiner, B. H. (1994) Conducting an Effective Selection Interview. Work Study, 43 (7), pp. 8-13. Hartley, P. and Bruckmann, C. G. (2 002) Business communication. Routledge, pp. 16-24 Radford, J. (1998). â€Å"Gender and Choice in Education and Occupation†. London, Routledge. This essay on The selection process of candidate was written and submitted by user Tomas Thompson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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